然而，人們應(yīng)立即就嚴(yán)重出血或骨折的嚴(yán)重傷口尋求醫(yī)療救助。

傷口分為兩大類：開放或封閉。

在閉合的傷口中，在皮膚表面下發(fā)生組織損傷和出血。閉合傷口的實(shí)例包括瘀傷。

開放性傷口涉及皮膚破裂，使內(nèi)部組織暴露。開放性傷口可能由跌倒，鈍器創(chuàng)傷和手術(shù)引起。

我們將在下面更詳細(xì)地介紹幾種類型的開放性傷口，以及如何治療它們。

類型

開放性傷口的一些例子包括以下內(nèi)容。

磨損

當(dāng)皮膚摩擦或滑動到粗糙表面時發(fā)生磨損傷口。擦傷的實(shí)例包括刮傷膝蓋或路面皮疹。

盡管擦傷產(chǎn)生的血液非常少，但重要的是對傷口進(jìn)行消毒并去除任何碎屑以防止感染。

劃破

裂傷是皮膚深層開裂或撕裂。撕裂通常發(fā)生在涉及刀具，機(jī)械或其他尖銳工具的事故或事故中。這種類型的傷口可能導(dǎo)致明顯的出血。

撕脫

撕脫包括強(qiáng)力撕開皮膚和下面的組織。

爆發(fā)可能是由暴力事件引起的，例如爆炸，動物襲擊或機(jī)動車事故。

刺

穿刺傷口是軟組織中的小孔。碎片和針頭可引起急性穿刺傷口，僅影響組織的外層。

然而，刀或槍傷可能會損傷深層肌肉和內(nèi)臟，從而導(dǎo)致明顯的出血。

切口

切口是皮膚干凈，直的切口。許多外科手術(shù)都使用切口。但是，涉及刀具，剃刀刀片，碎玻璃和其他尖銳物體的事故可能導(dǎo)致切口。

切口通常會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的快速出血。深切口會損傷肌肉或神經(jīng)，很可能需要縫合。

治療

用繃帶包扎傷口可以幫助促進(jìn)愈合。

輕微或急性開放性傷口可能不需要醫(yī)學(xué)治療。人們可以在家治療這些類型的傷口。

然而，嚴(yán)重的開放性傷口涉及大量出血，需要立即就醫(yī)。

開放性傷口護(hù)理應(yīng)包括以下步驟：

• 止血：用干凈的布或繃帶輕輕地給傷口施加壓力，促進(jìn)血液凝固。

• 清潔傷口：使用清水和生理鹽水沖洗掉任何碎屑或細(xì)菌。一旦傷口看起來干凈，用干凈的布擦干。醫(yī)生可能需要進(jìn)行外科清創(chuàng)術(shù)以清除包含死組織，玻璃，子彈或其他異物的嚴(yán)重傷口的碎屑。

• 用抗生素治療傷口：清潔傷口后，涂上一層薄薄的抗生素軟膏以防止感染。

• 關(guān)閉并打扮傷口：關(guān)閉干凈的傷口有助于促進(jìn)更快的愈合。防水繃帶和紗布適用于輕微傷口。深度開放的傷口可能需要縫線或釘書釘。但是，在感染清除之前，將已感染的傷口保持打開狀態(tài)。

• 定期更換敷料：疾病控制和預(yù)防中心（CDC）建議每24小時取出舊繃帶并檢查感染跡象。在重新涂抹干凈的膠粘繃帶或紗布之前，對傷口進(jìn)行消毒和干燥。記得在傷口愈合時保持傷口干燥。

開放性傷口的藥物

人們可以服用非處方（OTC）止痛藥，以減少炎癥和疼痛癥狀在愈合過程中。但是，避免服用阿司匹林，因?yàn)樗鼤?dǎo)致出血并延緩傷口愈合過程。

醫(yī)療保健提供者可以為患有嚴(yán)重或感染傷口的人開出更強(qiáng)的止痛藥。

人們可以在輕微割傷和擦傷時使用局部抗生素。如果醫(yī)療保健專業(yè)人員認(rèn)為某人在治療期間發(fā)生感染的風(fēng)險很高，他們可能會開口服抗生素。

家庭療法

人們可以使用以下家庭療法來治療輕微的開放性傷口，例如割傷和擦傷。

姜黃醬

的化合物，姜黃稱為姜黃素具有有效的抗炎和抗微生物性能，其可增強(qiáng)傷口愈合。

一個2017年的研究調(diào)查姜黃的治療作用的178人與干槽癥，這是拔牙后，開發(fā)一個常見的感染。

接受姜黃治療的參與者報告在2天內(nèi)疼痛，腫脹和組織壞死減少。

人們可以通過將姜黃與溫水混合來制作糊狀物。將糊狀物輕輕涂抹在傷口上，并用繃帶或紗布覆蓋。

蘆薈

蘆薈屬于仙人掌科。蘆薈植物的葉子含有富含礦物質(zhì)和維生素的凝膠狀物質(zhì)，促進(jìn)傷口愈合。

根據(jù)2019年對23項(xiàng)研究的系統(tǒng)評價，蘆薈含有復(fù)合葡甘露聚糖，促進(jìn)細(xì)胞再生和膠原蛋白生成。膠原蛋白是促進(jìn)傷口愈合的必需蛋白質(zhì)。

此外，蘆薈可能有助于減少炎癥，預(yù)防潰瘍，并增強(qiáng)皮膚的完整性。

在該區(qū)域涂抹一層薄薄的蘆薈凝膠，或用浸泡在蘆薈凝膠中的繃帶包扎傷口。

椰子油

椰子油可以促進(jìn)傷口愈合，因?yàn)樗懈邼舛鹊母视鸵粍环N以抗菌作用著稱的脂肪酸。

使用優(yōu)質(zhì)椰子油可能有助于降低愈合傷口感染的風(fēng)險。

大蒜

大蒜含有一種叫做大蒜素的化合物，具有抗菌和抗炎作用。根據(jù)2018年大鼠研究，與凡士林相比，含有30％大蒜的軟膏促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖。

風(fēng)險

受感染的傷口會導(dǎo)致發(fā)燒和疼痛加劇。

不同的細(xì)菌群體遍布皮膚表面，這意味著開放性傷口需要適當(dāng)?shù)淖o(hù)理和衛(wèi)生，以降低感染的風(fēng)險。

受感染傷口的一些癥狀和體征包括：

• 傷口附近有紅潤，腫脹或溫暖的皮膚

• 惡化疼痛

• 在傷口收集清澈的液體或膿液

• 水皰或瘡

• 發(fā)熱

• 淋巴結(jié)腫大

可以從開放性傷口發(fā)展的感染包括：

金黃色葡萄球菌感染

葡萄球菌是指存在于皮膚和鼻子內(nèi)部的一組細(xì)菌。

葡萄球菌通常不會引起疾病。然而，他們可以通過開放性傷口進(jìn)入身體，導(dǎo)致醫(yī)生稱為葡萄球菌感染的傳染病。

葡萄球菌感染可能會留在皮膚中，影響汗腺和油腺。然而，它們也可以遍布全身并影響多個器官。

醫(yī)療保健提供者可以開抗生素來幫助抵抗葡萄球菌感染。然而，某些葡萄球菌菌株，如耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌（MRSA），抵抗醫(yī)生通常開的抗生素。

破傷風(fēng)（lockjaw）

破傷風(fēng)梭菌（破傷風(fēng)梭菌）可通過皮膚中的開放性傷口進(jìn)入體內(nèi)，引起稱為破傷風(fēng)的細(xì)菌感染。一旦進(jìn)入體內(nèi)，C。tetani可導(dǎo)致頸部和下頜疼痛的肌肉痙攣。

C. tetani存在于土壤，灰塵和金屬物體的外面。因此，如果他們從指甲或其他尖銳的金屬物體接受穿刺傷，應(yīng)該尋求醫(yī)療救助。

疫苗的進(jìn)展幾乎在美國根除了破傷風(fēng)。疾病預(yù)防控制中心建議成年人每10年接種一次破傷風(fēng)加強(qiáng)劑。

壞死性筋膜炎

壞死性筋膜炎是一種罕見的細(xì)菌感染，可以殺死軟組織。被稱為A組鏈球菌的細(xì)菌通常會引起這種感染。它突然發(fā)展并迅速傳播。

壞死性筋膜炎是一種嚴(yán)重的疾病，需要立即治療。它可導(dǎo)致敗血癥，中毒性休克綜合征，多器官衰竭，甚至死亡。

壞死性筋膜炎的癥狀類似于流感。它們可以包括：

• 傷口附近劇烈疼痛

• 傷口附近的紅色或紫色皮膚

• 發(fā)熱

• 腹痛

• 咽喉痛

• 惡心

• 腹瀉

• 畏寒

• 肌肉疼痛

慢性傷口

慢性傷口是一種需要非常長時間才能愈合或不斷重新開放的傷口。

慢性傷口的原因包括嚴(yán)重的細(xì)菌感染，免疫功能減弱和潛在的健康狀況。有糖尿病或癌癥的可能會增加罹患慢性傷口的風(fēng)險。

摘要

開放性傷口是指使身體組織暴露于外部環(huán)境的傷口。

開放性傷口可能從皮膚上存在的細(xì)菌菌落中被感染。然而，實(shí)施適當(dāng)?shù)男l(wèi)生和傷口護(hù)理技術(shù)可以幫助降低感染風(fēng)險，并有助于促進(jìn)更快的愈合。

輕微的開放性傷口可能不需要治療，但使用OTC抗生素軟膏有助于保持傷口清潔。人們可以使用姜黃，蘆薈，椰子油或大蒜作為輕微開放性傷口的天然療法。

涉及大量出血的大型開放性傷口需要立即就醫(yī)。

中文內(nèi)容為網(wǎng)頁翻譯，英文原稿如下：

However, people should seek immediate medical attention for severe wounds that involve significant bleeding or broken bones.

Wounds fall into two broad categories: open or closed.

In a closed wound, tissue damage and bleeding occur under the surface of the skin. Examples of closed wounds include bruises.

An open wound involves a break in the skin that leaves the internal tissue exposed. Open wounds may result from falls, blunt trauma, and surgery.

We will cover several types of open wound, as well as how to treat them, in more detail below.

Types

Some examples of open wounds include the following.

Abrasion

An abrasion wound occurs when the skin rubs or slides against a rough surface. Examples of abrasions include a scraped knee or road rash.

Although abrasions produce very little blood, it is important to sanitize the wound and remove any debris to prevent infection.

Laceration

A laceration is a deep opening or a tear in the skin. Lacerations usually occur from accidents or incidents involving knives, machinery, or other sharp tools. This type of wound may cause significant bleeding.

Avulsion

An avulsion involves forcefully tearing away the skin and underlying tissue.

Avulsions can result from violent incidents, such as explosions, animal attacks, or motor vehicle accidents.

Puncture

A puncture wound is a small hole in the soft tissue. Splinters and needles can cause acute puncture wounds that only affect the outer layers of tissue.

However, knife or gunshot wounds can damage deep muscles and internal organs, which may result in significant bleeding.

Incision

An incision is a clean, straight cut in the skin. Many surgical procedures use incisions. However, accidents involving knives, razor blades, broken glass, and other sharp objects can cause incisions.

Incisions usually cause heavy, rapid bleeding. Deep incisions can damage the muscles or nerves and will most likely require stitches.

Treatments

Dressing the wound with bandages can help promote healing.

Minor, or acute, open wounds may not require medical treatment. People can treat these types of wound at home.

However, severe open wounds that involve significant bleeding will require immediate medical attention.

Open wound care should involve the following steps:

• Stop the bleeding: Using a clean cloth or bandage, gently apply pressure to the wound to promote blood clotting.

• Clean the wound: Use clean water and a saline solution to flush away any debris or bacteria. Once the wound looks clean, pat it dry with a clean cloth. A doctor may need to perform a surgical debridement to remove debris from severe wounds that contain dead tissue, glass, bullets, or other foreign objects.

• Treat the wound with antibiotics: After cleaning the wound, apply a thin layer of antibioticointment to prevent infection.

• Close and dress the wound: Closing clean wounds helps promote faster healing. Waterproof bandages and gauze work well for minor wounds. Deep open wounds may require stitches or staples. However, leave an already infected wound open until the infection clears.

• Routinely change the dressing: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)recommend removing the old bandages and checking for signs of infection every 24 hours. Disinfect and dry the wound before reapplying a clean adhesive bandage or gauze. Remember to keep the wound dry while it heals.

Medications for open wounds

People can take over-the-counter (OTC) pain medications to reduce inflammation and painful symptoms during the healing process. Avoid aspirin, however, as it can cause bleeding and delay the wound healing process.

A healthcare provider may prescribe stronger pain relievers for people with severe or infected wounds.

People can use topical antibiotics on minor cuts and scrapes. A healthcare professional may prescribe oral antibiotics if they believe that someone has a high risk of developing an infection while healing.

Home remedies

People can use the following home remedies to treat minor open wounds, such as cuts and scrapes.

Turmeric paste

A compound in turmeric called curcumin possesses potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which may enhance wound healing.

One 2017 study examined the healing properties of turmeric in 178 people with dry socket, which is a common infection that develops after tooth extraction.

The participants receiving treatment with turmeric reported reductions in pain, swelling, and tissue necrosis within 2 days.

People can make a paste by mixing turmeric with warm water. Gently apply the paste to the wound and cover with a bandage or gauze.

Aloe vera

Aloe vera belongs to the cactus family. The leaves of the aloe vera plant contain a gel-like substance rich in minerals and vitamins, which promote wound healing.

According to a 2019 systematic review of 23 studies, aloe vera contains the compound glucomannan, which promotes cellular regeneration and collagen production. Collagen is an essential protein that promotes wound healing.

Also, aloe vera may help reduce inflammation, prevent ulcers, and enhance skin integrity.

Apply a thin layer of aloe vera gel to the area or dress the wound in a bandage soaked in aloe vera gel.

Coconut oil

Coconut oil may promote wound healing due to its high concentration of monolaurin, a fatty acid renowned for its antimicrobial effects.

Using high-quality coconut oil may help reduce the risk of infection in healing wounds.

Garlic

Garlic contains a compound called allicin, which has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. According to a 2018 rat study, an ointment containing 30% garlic promoted enhanced cellular proliferation compared with Vaseline.

Risks

An infected wound can cause fever and worsening pain.

Diverse groups of bacteria populate the surface of the skin, which means that open wounds require proper care and sanitation to reduce the risk of infection.

Some signs and symptoms of an infected wound include:

• flushed, swollen, or warm skin near the wound

• worsening pain

• clear fluid or pus collecting in the wound

• blisters or sores

• fever

• swollen lymph nodes

Infections that can develop from open wounds include:

Staph infection

Staphylococcus refers to a group of bacteria present on the skin and inside the nose.

Staphylococcus bacteria usually do not cause disease. However, they can enter the body through open wounds, resulting in a contagious condition that doctors call a staph infection.

Staph infections may remain in the skin and affect the sweat and oil glands. However, they can also spread throughout the body and affect multiple organs.

A healthcare provider can prescribe antibiotics to help fight off staph infections. However, certain Staphylococcus strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resist the antibiotics that doctors typically prescribe.

Tetanus (lockjaw)

Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) can enter the body through open wounds in the skin, causing a bacterial infection called tetanus. Once inside the body, C. tetani can cause painful muscle spasms in the neck and jaw.

C. tetani exists in soil, dust, and on the outside of metal objects. For this reason, a person should seek medical attention if they receive a puncture wound from a nail or another sharp metal object.

Advances in vaccines have nearly eradicated tetanus in the United States. The CDC recommend that adults get a tetanus booster shot every 10 years.

Necrotizing fasciitis

Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare bacterial infection that kills soft tissue. Bacteria called Group A Streptococcus typically cause this infection. It develops suddenly and spreads rapidly.

Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe medical condition that requires immediate treatment. It can lead to sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, multiple organ failure, and even death.

Symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis resemble those of the flu. They can include:

• severe pain near the wound

• red or purple skin near the wound

• fever

• stomach ache

• sore throat

• nausea

• diarrhea

• chills

• muscle aches

Chronic wound

A chronic wound is one that takes an unusually long time to heal or continuously reopens.

Causes of chronic wounds include severe bacterial infections, weakened immune function, and underlying health conditions. Having diabetes or cancer may increase the risk of developing chronic wounds.

Summary

Open wounds are those that leave the tissues of the body exposed to the external environment.

Open wounds can become infected from the bacterial colonies present on the skin. However, practicing proper sanitation and wound care techniques can help reduce the risk of infection and help promote faster healing.

Minor open wounds may not require medical treatment, but using OTC antibiotic ointment will help keep the wound clean. People can use turmeric, aloe vera, coconut oil, or garlic as natural treatments for minor open wounds.

Large open wounds that involve significant bleeding require immediate medical attention.